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Jet propellant 8 (JP-8)/air laminar burning speed was experimentally measured and its flame structure was studied at high temperatures and pressures using a high-speed camera. The experimental facilities included a spherical vessel, used for the measurement of burning speed, and a cylindrical vessel, used in a shadowgraph system to study flame shape and structure and to measure burning speed. A thermodynamic...
Synthesis gas production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous waste materials with high volatile contents (e.g., sewage and industrial sludge, fluff, and scrap tire powder) is kinetically examined. A multiple pseudo-component first-order reaction model is formulated to describe the rates of the combined pyrolysis and gasification processes. Arrhenius-type kinetic parameters are determined by dynamic...
Burning multi-fuel, including gases, liquid fuels and coal, whose flow rates and heating values vary all the time, a typical boiler in the steel and iron plant poses a challenge to achieving optimal operation. The present study proposes to develop an adaptive data-driven thermal efficiency estimator of multi-fuel boilers based on statistical identification of key variables. With the available on-line...
Solvent dyes are used to color refined petroleum products to enable differentiation between gasoline, diesel, and jet fuels. Analysis for these dyes in the hydrocarbon product is difficult due to their very low concentrations in such a complex matrix. Flow injection analysis/electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry in both negative and positive mode was used to optimize ionization of ten typical...
Paraffin wax deposition from crude oils at low temperature is one of the serious and long-standing problems in petroleum industry. Addition of pour point depressants (PPD) has been proved to be an efficient way to inhibit wax deposition. The influence of PPD on wax precipitation at low temperature was investigated. The amount and composition of wax precipitated from paraffin solutions with and without...
The catalytic functionalities of bimetallic Pt–Mo/γ-Al 2 O 3 catalysts in hydrotreatment were studied by performing simultaneous and independent dibenzothiophene (DBT) hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and naphthalene hydrodearomatization (HDA) reactions as a function of the activating agent and the MoO 3 content. Pt–Mo/γ-Al 2 O 3 catalysts always displayed a higher...
Mixed gases injection into a large coal sample for CO 2 sequestration in coals and enhanced coalbed methane recovery was investigated using a new numerical approach. A dynamic multi-component transport (DMCT) model was applied to simulate ternary gas (CH 4 –CO 2 –N 2 ) diffusion and flow behaviors for better understanding and prediction of gas injection enhanced coalbed...
Experiments were carried out on a pilot scale slurry transport apparatus to investigate slip flow behavior of coal water slurries (CWSs) in pipes with various diameters (25, 32, 40 and 50mm). The effects of volume concentration, particle size and slurry temperature on wall slip behavior (wall slip velocity, critical wall shear stress and slippage contribution) were investigated. A numerical technique...
Nowadays, the occurrence of harmful algal blooms is increasing rapidly all over the world. However, the methods of resource utilization of algae are very few. In this study, we propose a new way to dispose algae, which is gasification of coal–algae slurry. Coal slurries prepared with algae were investigated, and gasification reactivity of coal–algae slurry was compared with that of coal–water slurry...
Boron and its compounds are environmentally hazardous substance and are well-known condensed products that appear in coal fly ash during combustion of coal in coal-fired electric power stations. In a previous study, we suggested that boron in coal fly ash obtained from Nantun coal in China, identified as Ash–N, may exist on the surface of relatively large coal fly ash particles or as very fine particles...
The effects of gas temperature fluctuation on the NO release from pulverized coal particle during char combustion are investigated. The computed results show that the NO formation through the heterogeneous oxidation and reduction reactions is influenced by the gas temperature fluctuation for the particles with initial diameters of 10–50μm. The gas temperature fluctuation leads to faster NO release...
Experimental and theoretical investigations indicate particle shape and size influence biomass particle dynamics, including drying, heating rate, and reaction rate. Experimental samples include disc/flake-like, cylindrical/cylinder-like, and equant (nearly spherical) shapes of wood particles with similar particle masses and volumes but different surface areas. Small samples (320μm) passed through...
Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and evolved gas mass spectroscopy were used to study the kinetics of carbon oxidation from a Class-F fly ash. A multi-process ignition loss schema is presented wherein carbon combustion is modeled as a series or discrete independent reactions. These processes were studied at temperatures up to 1000°C (1832°F), for oxygen partial pressures between 0.05 and 0.50 and...
The aim of this study is to investigate fuel deposits by using the hot surface deposition test (HSDT). In this test, diesel fuel droplets were repeatedly impinged to the hot surface and deposits were developed on it. The hot surface temperature affected the deposit formation. Different hot surface temperature showed different droplet-surface interaction, evaporation lifetime and wet/dry condition...
A multi-function compact chemical reactor designed for hydrocarbon steam reforming was evaluated. The reactor design is based on diffusion bonded laminate micro-channel heat exchanger technology. The reactor consists of a combustor layer, which is sandwiched between two steam reforming layers. Between the two function layers, a temperature monitor and control layer is placed, which is designed to...
A novel fluidised-bed/fixed-bed reactor was used to study the effects of volatile–char interactions on the conversion of coal-N during the gasification of a Victorian brown coal at 800°C. The reactor has the capability of controlling the extent and length of the interactions between volatiles and char. Our results indicate that in the absence of volatile–char interactions during gasification in O...
NO x reduction of flue gas by plasma-generated ozone was investigated in pilot test experiments on an industrial power plant running on natural gas. Reduction rates higher than 95% have been achieved for a molar ratio O 3 :NO x slightly below two. Fourier transform infrared and ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy were used for spatial measurements of stable molecules and radicals...
In the present study, the synthesis of fatty acid esters from castor oil using an alkaline catalyst was optimized. The variables reaction time, catalyst amount and oil:ethanol molar ratio were studied using a central composite rotatable design. The effects and significance of the models on the response variable and on ethyl biodiesel yield derived from pure castor oil were evaluated using a response...
This work aims on the efficient use of ethanol–biodiesel–water micro-emulsions in a diesel engine. A single cylinder direct injection diesel engine is tested using neat biodiesel and the micro-emulsions as fuels under variable operating conditions. The results indicate that, compared with biodiesel, the peak cylinder pressure of the micro-emulsions is almost identical, and the peak pressure rise rate...
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